The Controversial Herb of Comfrey

Comfrey, or Symphytum officinale Linn, has been cultivated since about 400 BC, as a healing herb. Ancient Greeks and Romans used comfrey to stop heavy bleeding, to treat bronchial problems, to heal wounds and for broken bones. Poultices were made for external wounds and tea was consumed for internal ailments.

Controversy about the safety of comfrey for internal use is still debating, even though comfrey based herb also offers therapeutic benefits. Comfrey can only be used externally as a medicinal herb for the content of allantoin. Several scientific studies reported that comfrey may be carcinogenic, since it appeared to cause liver damage.

The Scientific Studies

A 23 year old man with hepatic veno-occlusive disease and severe hypertension, died from liver failure. He was a vegetarian, and because of his illness, took comfrey leaves which are known to contain poisonous compounds called pyrrolizidine alkaloids. (Yeong ML, et al. 1990)

Comfrey leaves extracts 20% with dose 25 and 40 ml/kg bw (body weight) have an effect of lowering male mice's blood sugar levels, in which comparable to chlorpropamide (a drug that is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus) suspension of 22.5 mg/kg bw. (Amrizal M. 1998)

From above study by Indonesian scientist, Amrizal, many Indonesian herbalists also claim that comfrey, or kompri in Bahasa Indonesia, is useful to treat diabetes mellitus. But, it will need further scientific evidence to convince that comfrey based herb, is safe for internal use.

The present study identifies p-DGA (phytochemical poly (3-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)glyceric acid)) from Caucasian species of comfrey (Symphytum caucasicum), as a potent agent against human prostate cancer (PCA) without any toxicity, and supports its clinical application. (Sangeeta S, et al. 2012)

Comfrey root extract is used to treat muscle and joint complaints. It is proven to relieve pain, inflammation, swelling of muscles, arthritis, acute myalgia in the back, sprains, contusions and strains after sports injuries, also in children aged 3 years and older. (Staiger C. et al. 2012)

External Use Only

In 2001, the US Food and Drug Administration banned comfrey based products which intended for internal use. Here are some comfrey based products for external use I found on Amazon.

Earth Elements Organics Organic Comfrey Oil	Dr. Christophers Formulas Comfrey Ointment

Reference:
T.M. Teynor, D.H. Putnam, J.D. Doll, K.A. Kelling, E.A. Oelke, D.J. Undersander, and E.S. Oplinger. (1997)
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/comfrey.html

Noken, The Near Extinction Heritage

Photo from indonesiaberprestasi.web.id, courtesy of Shinji Kawai.

Noken, a traditional handmade bag by the people in Papua and West Papua, Indonesia, is near its extinction. More than 200 tribes in Papua Island have been using noken to carry many things. Different from an ordinary bag, the tribes people of Papua use their forehead to carry noken.

Just like Mbaru Niang of Flores, which already received the UNESCO's Award of Excellence, in Bangkok, on August 27, 2012. Noken has officially recognised by the UNESCO in the Intangible Cultural Heritage list, which needs an urgent safeguarding, in Paris, on December 4, 2012.

Photo from Arjuna/Jubi.

Titus Pekei, the Chairman of the Papua Institute of Ecology, is the man who concerns about the near extinction of noken. The idea to list noken to UNESCO was started in 2008, after Batik and Keris was recognised by the UNESCO as Indonesia national heritage. After the Ministry of Culture and Tourism agreed to his idea, in February 2011, Titus began his research.

Titus felt sad to see many factory-made noken which were sold from IDR 55,000 to IDR 200,000. While the price of original handmade noken could cost between IDR 500,000 to IDR one million. The original noken is expensive because it needs a long time to finish making a noken.

Noken is made from knotted wood fibre. The finest material is from Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) wood fibre. While the orchid noken, or gold noken is made from yellow or brown color toya orchid.

In Paniai district, Titus with his team from Ministry of Culture and Tourism, found 50 women of noken artists, and 20 men who mastered of making orchid noken. What boasts more, there is a school that includes noken craft making as one of local curriculum, said Titus.

Titus Pekei hard work was finally paid off after the noken proposal was accepted by the UNESCO Committee. But, this is only the beginning, the problem in saving the noken heritage lies on its marketing. The people of Papua and West Papua cannot grow the market outside their home. So, the Indonesian Government should pay more intention to save this near extinction heritage.

References:

Titus Pekei, Penggagas Pengusulan Noken Papua hingga Diakui UNESCO
Jawa Pos, Headline, January 26, 2013.

UNESCO Culture Sector - Intangible Heritage
Noken multifunctional knotted or woven bag, handcraft of the people of Papua
http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&USL=00619

Backlink From Alexa.com

I was amazed when I checked my backlinks on Google Webmaster tools. This blog has a backlink from Alexa.com.

When I searched on Google.com using queries Backlink From Alexa.com, I could not find any info about it on the page 1. Infact, I found one of my post which is titled How To Find Quality Dofollow Backlink As Many As You Can, was on #5 on the page 1 Google result.

Driving with curiosity, I then checked the pagerank of Alexa.com using CheckPagerank.net. I found that Alexa.com has PR8 with Alexa Rank 1,389. The site is listed in DMOZ.org, Google Directory, and Yahoo! Directory. The domain age by the time I checked on January 24, 2013, is 16 years 6 months 7 days, according to Whois created on July 7, 1996.

Alexa.com is an Amazon.com company, the leading provider of free, global web metrics. Based on Alexa.com Site Info on Alexa.com, on the same day I checked, from its Alexa Traffic Rank, it has 1,389 in Global Rank and 1,281 Rank in US. While the site reputation is 365,207 sites linking in.

From its certified site metrics, it has 352,809 daily unique visitors, 1,359,557 daily pageviews, 7,700,796 monthly unique visitors and 37,859,231 monthly pageviews.

The data of unique visitors on Alexa.com has shown that there are more than 350 K new webmasters who visited Alexa website everyday. How do I know that the Alexa website visitors is a new webmaster? It's just my own opinion, they could also be advertisers who want to advertise on Alexa. But, If someone is searching for some products or goods, they would go to Amazon.com instead of Alexa.com.

The Crown of Gods

Mahkota Dewa, or Phaleria macrocarpa Scheff. Boerl. originates from Papua Island, Indonesia. Mahkota Dewa, which translated in English as The Crown of Gods, is widely used by many Indonesian people for the treatment of cancer, although scientific evidence at the time was not yet being enforced.

In Papua Island, Mahkota Dewa thrives in fertile soil at an altitude of 10 to 1200 m asl. These shrubs grow upright with 1 to 2.5 m tall. Round trunk, coarse surface, brown, woody and gummy.

Having single leaf which is located opposite, and short stemmed. Mahkota Dewa blossoms throughout the year, lying scattered in stem, having tube shape, small, white, and smells fragrant.

The fruits are round, 3-5 cm in diameter, smooth, grooved, green color when young and red color when ripe. The pulp is white, fibrous, and watery.

The Medicinal Use

The fruit of Mahkota Dewa has anticancer agents, while its seeds are poisonous. The bioactivity of Mahkota Dewa fruit extracts using BSLT method, followed by the screening test of anticancer in vitro against leukemia cells 1210, had shown high toxicity and very potential for cancer treatment.

The leaf of Mahkota Dewa was also studied. The result was a compound which is known as Phalerin. The most potential effects of Phalerin is as immunostimulants. According to the study, the best use of water extract of Mahkota Dewa leaves as immunostimulants is four times a day (every six hours), to obtain the maximum therapeutic effect.

The different parts of Mahkota Dewa fruit, which were also evaluated, indicates to be a source of bioactive compounds, potential as an antioxidant, anti inflammatory and cytotoxic agents.

Mahkota Dewa supplementation has a synergic effect to adriamycin treatment in reducing the tumor growth, by increasing apoptosis, and protects the liver and kidney from damage caused by adriamycin.

Personal Experience

My mom and I once tried a capsule form of Mahkota Dewa fruit, which was packed by small factory in Central Java. Each pack consists two pieces of capsule for a daily use. But, my mom gave me a capsule and the other for herself. We both drank a capsule everyday.

Three days later, My mom and I found our faces very thick, or in medicinal term as the moon face effect. My mom's weight and also mine, were raised until five Kgs after drinking three capsules for three days. Having the moon face effect, my mom and I stopped on drinking the capsule.

At first, we both were intended to use the Mahkota Dewa in capsule form as stamina booster, and not to cure any diseases. Indeed, our stamina were increased, but, at the same time, it effected to our eating habits.

The Toxicity of Mahkota Dewa

The use Mahkota Dewa as medicinal plant should be based on the principle of benefit and safety. Though it has beneficial for healing disease, but it is not safe, because of its toxicity. You should think about the possibility of acute or chronic poisoning which may occur.

The seeds of Mahkota Dewa are poisonous, while the fresh fruit, when is eaten immediately, could causes swelling in the mouth, mouth ulcer, drunk, seizures, fainting.The use of excessive doses in a long time can cause side effects, such as chronic headaches. And also, pregnant women are prohibited from taking these herbs.

References:

Mahkota Dewa
Tanaman Obat Indonesia
Sentra Informasi IPTEK
http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&id=238

Penggunaan Daun Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa Scheff. Boerl.) Sebagai Imunostimulan Dalam Upaya Menjaga Kesehatan Tubuh
Reviewer: Prof.Dr. Subagus Wahyuono Apt.
Media Informasi Penelitian Herbal Fakultas Farmasi UGM
http://farmasi.ugm.ac.id/mipto/review-penelitian-150-penggunaan-daun-mahkota-dewa-phaleria-macrocarpa-scheff-boerl-sebagai-imunostimulan-dalam-upaya-menjaga-kesehatan-tubuh.html

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity of Phaleria macrocarpa (Boerl.) Scheff Fruit.
Hendra R, et al.
Department of Biochemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22070850

Effect of phaleria macrocarpa supplementation on apoptosis and tumor growth of C3H mice with breast cancer under treatment with adriamycin-cyclophosphamide.
Riwanto I, et al.
Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Diponegoro, Dr Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22026311

The Health Benefits of Starfruit

Recently, I read an article about eating two pieces of starfruit, everyday after breakfast and dinner will cure diabetes. Secondly, starfruit is also used to overcome kidney disease. It does not matter whether its ripe or unripe starfruit. But, I guess, all of us will take the ripe one.

But, wait! Does it just that simple? By eating starfruit will able to cure diabetes, and kidney disease? And, for how long? The article did not answer all the questions.

Starfruit, or Averrhoa carambola Linn, which in Indonesia is known as Belimbing, is a popular tropical fruit and native to the Southeast Asia. The ripe starfruit in Indonesia is sometimes used as a part of rujak (fruit salad), or by eating directly.

Controversies Over The Health Benefits of Starfruit

In Brazil, starfruit is used to treat kidney and bladder complaints. Starfruit is also believed to have a beneficial effect in the treatment of eczema.

But according to Joaquim Coutinho Netto, a Professor of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto University, São Paulo, Brasil, starfruit can be fatal for diabetics. Netto discovered that starfruit contains neurotoxin, which capable of causing death, in patients with renal failure.

Professor Netto's study is just the same as the study result of Neto MM, or perhaps both of them are the same person, because their name similarity. Neto MM, had already observed six cases of dialysis patients who intoxicated by ingestion of star fruit.

The result, all six patients developed variety of symptoms ranging from insomnia and hiccups to agitation, mental confusion and a case of death.

Even though the name of Professor Netto and Neto MM, is different, but both of them were doing the same study. (Check the reference sites to clarify!)

In India, starfruit is commonly known as Kamrakh, or Golden Star. Starfruit is reported to contain mainly saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids.

In Ayurveda, starfruit is used as an antihelminthic. Antihelminthics, or also called vermifuges, are drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) from the body.

Starfruit is also used as anti malarial, febrifuge or antipyretic (anti fever), digestive tonic, antiscorbutic (rich in vitamin C) and antidote for poison.

Starfruit is considered as the best Indian cooling medicine. The ripe starfruit is used to stop bleeding (hemorrhages), and to relieve hemorrhoids. The starfruit juice can also be used as fever prevention.

In Chinese Materia Medica (Chinese herbology), it is stated that, Its diuretic action is to quench thirst, to increase the salivary secretion, and hence to allay fever. A decoction of combined starfruit and its leaves is drunk to overcome vomiting.

Starfruit flowers are given as a vermifuge (antihelminthic). Starfruit leaves which are bound on the temples, is managed to soothe headache.

Crushed leaves and shoots are used as a poultice by spreading on cloth over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body, such as, on the eruptions of chickenpox, an airborne disease spread easily through coughing or sneezing cause by virus, and also on ringworm.

In Southeast Asia, the flowers are rubbed on the dermatitis, an inflammation of the skin or rash, as an allergic reaction caused by lacquer, which is derived from Rhus verniciflua (Toxicodendron vernicifluum), also known as Chinese lacquer tree.

Starfruit roots combines with sugar are considered to be an antidote for poison. Hydrocyanic acid, or hydrogen cyanide, a highly valuable precursor to many chemical compounds, has been detected in the leaves, stems and roots.

A decoction of the crushed starfruit seeds acts as a galactagogue, substance that promotes lactation in humans and other animals, which is mildly intoxicating. The powdered starfruit seeds also serve as a sedative in cases of asthma and colic.

References:

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Averrhoa carambola Linn: An Overview.
Gheewala Payal, Kalaria Pankti, Chakraborty Manodeep, and Kamath Jagadish.
https://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/display/1135844

Carambola faz mal para diabéticos?
https://www.diabetesnoscuidamos.com.br/gente_duvida_mes.aspx?id=503

Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in six dialysis patients? (Preliminary report).
Neto MM, et al.
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9550629

Carambola
Julia F. Morton (1987)
https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/carambola.html

Rurouni Kenshin, a Film by Keishi Ohtomo

It was just a coincidence when I found this Rurouni Kenshin first live action movie in DVD version. Samurai X was my favorite anime series since I was at high school. After I saw the movie and searched on wikipedia, the film that was released on August 25, 2012, in Japan, and became no. 1 blockbuster movie in the home country.

Kenshin Himura was my favorite manga character, and I used it as my avatar in several forums I have joined. Below image was the one that I used.

The Journey Begins

The journey begins with scene from Bakumatsu war. In the war, Kenshin Himura (Takeru Sato) has killed many his rivals using his famous Hiten Mitsurugi. Kenshin also meets with his rival, Hajime Saito (Yosuke Eguchi) who is eager to fight the famous Batosai.

By the time Saito meets with Kenshin, the war is over, and Kenshin throws his sword. A samurai, Udo Jine (Koji Kikkawa) wakes up his body which is buried with death samurai. Jine who is possessed by evil spirit, found the Batosai's sword which is left by Kenshin.

Several years after the war, Kenshin arrives in Tokyo as rurouni, the wandering ronin (masterless samurai). At the park, he reads an announcement from the local police, about Batosai who is wanted for murder in several places in Tokyo.

A sword which is pointed on him, has surprised Kenshin, while he is still reading the announcement. Kaoru Kamiya (Emi Takei) suddenly attacks Kenshin, and claims him to be the wanted Batosai.

Why do you carry a sword?, asked Kaoru. It is sakabatō, answered Kenshin. The sakabatō (reverse blade sword) is a sword which should not be used to kill.

Meanwhile, Saito who now joins as law enforcement, is busied with several murders which had done by the fake Batosai, Udo Jine. Saito noticed the death note left by the murderer was different from what real Batosai was often used.

By the time Udo Jine meets with Kenshin, he notices the X scar in Kenshin's left cheek. The X scar which makes Kenshin famous as Batosai.

In order to save Megumi Takani (Yu Aoi), who is captured by Kanryu Takeda (Teruyuki Kagawa) in his mansion, Kenshin and Sanosuke Sagara (Munetaka Aoki) attack Takeda's mansion, which is guarded with hundreds of Takeda's men.

After defeating many Takeda's men, inside the mansion is waiting Banjin Inui (Genki Sudo). Sanosuke asked Kenshin to keep searching inside the mansion, while he will be facing Banjin Inui alone.

In the other side of the mansion, Gein (Gou Ayano), another Takeda's man is waiting for Kenshin. What does happen next? You must see the whole movie by yourself!

My Point of View

I should say perfect with the appearance of the star from Kamen Rider Den-O, Takeru Sato as Kenshin Himura. His thin small body is perfect for the manga character.

In this film, the director Keishi Ohtomo is great at the scene take. The Kenshin famous Hiten Mitsurugi fighting technique is well capture here in this film. Although the manga is sometimes loved by most teenagers, but this live action manga is filled with many bloody actions.

The scene that makes me surprised is when Kenshin memorizes on how he had his first scar on his cheek. I never knew that before on the anime series. Although the second scar does not mention in the film, but the whole story is well explained.

So, the X scar is really not done by one sword on one fight, just like I thought before. Another thing is, the famous red kimono that always used by Kenshin, belongs to the late of Kaoru's father.

The bare hand fight between Sanosuke with Banjin Inui is the humour side of the movie. While the best fight in the movie is the fight between Kenshin and Gein.

I give five stars on this movie, the 19th century Japan setting is awesome. The martial art technique is really determined the way of the real samurai. Just like my favorite samurai movie that is also filmed in Japan, The Last Samurai, stars by Tom Cruise.

If you are fans of Kenshin Himura in the Samurai X anime series, I suggest you to see this film. It is really live action manga.

The Secret of Anti Aging

Nutrex Hawaii BioAstin Natural Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin, The Multifunctional Antioxidant

Astaxanthin, an unique multitalented antioxidant and strong coloring agent, the leading superstar behind the secret of anti-aging. Astaxanthin is a high value compound with applications in the nutraceutical, cosmetic, food, and animal feed industries.

Astaxanthin potential antioxidant points to several health conditions, UV-light protection, anti-inflammatory, and protecting body tissues from oxidative damage. Astaxanthin plays important role on the protection of cells, because of its ability to protect the cell membrane from free radicals.

The unique of astaxanthin lies on its superb functions. Astaxanthin manages to penetrate different parts of the cells, by protecting all organs and systems throughout the body. This multifunctional protections lead to several health benefits including the secret of anti-aging.

The Health Benefits

Several studies have shown the successful of astaxanthin on reducing the blood pressure. By increasing blood flow, researchers has found that astaxanthin managed to drop the stroke incidence by 50%.

Another studies showed that astaxanthin managed to control diabetes, and preserved the pancreatic function as insulin sensitivity.

Other health benefits include:

• Improves skin elasticity.
• Eye fatigue reduction.
• Improves muscle endurance and helps relieve joint pain.
• Reduces gastric inflammation and dyspepsia (indigestion, a medical condition characterized by chronic or recurrent pain in the upper abdomen).
• Improves immunity functions.
• 550 times stronger than Vitamin E.

Based on Nutrex Hawaii BioAstin Natural Astaxanthin's review, a 49 years old Lynn who used the product for six weeks, had found her face skin tightened up, and improved the fading of her face's brown age spots. The review has shown the anti-aging properties of astaxanthin.

The Nature Made Supplements

Most astaxanthin supplements are made from Euphausia pacifica (Pacific krill), Euphausia superba (Antarctic krill), Haematococcus pluvialis (MicroAlgae), Pandalus borealis (Arctic shrimp), and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, formerly Phaffia rhodozyma (yeast).

The microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates the highest levels of astaxanthin in nature. More than 40 g of astaxanthin can be obtained from a kg of dry Haematococcus pluvialis, or ~ 40,000 ppm (parts per million).

Other natural sources of astaxanthin from the lowest levels are:

• Salmonidae, family of ray-finned fish, include salmon, trout, charrs (Salvelinus), freshwater whitefishes (Coregoninae), and graylings (Thymallus). Salmonidae have astaxanthin concentration ~ five ppm.
• Plankton, organisms which live in the water, and provide source of food to many large aquatic organisms. The organisms include drifting animals, plants, archaea, algae, and large organisms such as jellyfish, have the astaxanthin concentration at ~ 60 ppm.
• Krill, small crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea, in which are found in all the world's oceans. Krill have astaxanthin concentration ~ 120 ppm.
• Pandalus borealis, or Arctic shrimp, a species of caridean shrimp found in cold parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pandalus borealis have astaxanthin concentration at ~ 1,200 ppm.
• Yeast, a microorganism that has been used in baking and fermentation, have astaxanthin concentration ~ 10,000 ppm.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astaxanthin

Nutrex Hawaii BioAstin Natural Astaxanthin Customer Reviews.

Engineering of a plasmid-free Escherichia coli strain for improved in vivo biosynthesis of astaxanthin.
Lemuth K, et al.
Institute of Microbiology, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21521516

Haematococcus astaxanthin: applications for human health and nutrition.
Martin Guerin, Mark E Huntley and Miguel Olaizola.
Mera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, USA
https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/abstract/S0167-7799(03)00078-7

When The Children Lie

Lie, a false statement made with the intention of deceiving, is often done by everyone. If lying is become usual habits since children age, it will create big troubles for a family.

Understanding your children personality is very important to overcome their lying habits. There are many lying acts which appear in children, such as:, turning over the facts, weighting some news or informations, and projecting (blame on others as the black sheep).

The Cause of Lying Attitude

Find the cause! That is the best way to observe the motives, or reasons, why a child becomes a lying child. Here are some of the motives:

• Self Fortress
  Fear of getting a punishment from their parent, are making children to build their own fortress. Parents should not always reward their children with punishment, if they make mistakes.
• Trauma
  Recent activity, bullying for example, which brought bad memory can disturb children's mind. The trauma that they just had, is made them not to tell the truth.
• Love and Trust
  Parents with 24/7 jobs are sometimes forgetting their main job, become parent. The need of love from their parent becomes the trigger. Children are lying also because they seek an opportunity to gain trust from their parent.
• False Hallucination
  Children who do not have a brother or sister, sometimes is making their own imaginary friend. They often play by themselves and talking alone. This kind of expressions intend to create false acts, in order that their parent is willing to give them a brother or sister.
• A Good Deed
  A boy came home with his shirt was covered with muds. His mother was angry, and asking the cause. The boy then said that, a passing car had thrown the muds from its tires on him. But the truth was, he just helped a little girl who accidently grabbed his shirt with her muddy hands.
• Gratitude
  Children sometimes are telling false story about themselves, in an intention to create positive image. Competition with their brother or sister, makes children try harder to get positive gratitude from their parent.

How to Overcome Children's Lying Attitude

Practicing honesty at children's early age is very important. The first is by trusting your children to do whatever they want. Every children are needed to be trusted on doing anything (good things).

Parents should avoid on raising their children with too many punishments. A boy who raised with punishments, will make him more creative to find new ways to protect himself, this includes of telling lies.

Do not always blame on your children mistakes. It will only make them more desperate, having no stand-point, useless person with no hope, losing their confidences, and even having mentally ill. Another consequence, they will believe that their lying habits are the best thing to do.

Parents should teach their children about the virtue of honesty. There is no such thing called white lie. By telling the truth is better than telling lie, no matter the truth hurts. In some heavy cases, it will need the help from a shrink.

Being Good Parent

Children tend to be critical about everything, and they would learn by examples. Parents could not teach honesty to their children, if they do not always tell the truth.

Every children deserve of getting loves and affections. Parents should support whenever their children were having troubles. By being their best friend in sorrow, will make them to be an open minded, and not an introvert person.

Home sweet home. It starts at home, the very small society. The first place for children to learn on how to socialize. A warm family is the key to the development of children's characters and personalities. A good parent would not pass away the development of their children since early ages.

Reference:
Mengapa Anak Suka Berbohong? by Anna Adhiyatmi Riantobi
Kana, 12 Tahun VII, Desember 2012.